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emergency management

Practice targeted AMC-style multiple-choice questions on emergency management.

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Diverticular disease
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source

A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of worsening left lower quadrant abdominal pain, associated with subjective fever, chills, and nausea. He reports some recent constipation. His past medical history includes hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, both well-controlled on medication. On examination, his temperature is 38.5°C, pulse 95 bpm, BP 130/80 mmHg, respiratory rate 18/min, oxygen saturation 98% on room air. Abdominal examination reveals tenderness and guarding in the left iliac fossa, with mild rebound tenderness. Bowel sounds are reduced. Digital rectal examination is unremarkable. Blood tests show a white cell count of 15 x 10^9/L (neutrophils 85%), haemoglobin 145 g/L, platelets 250 x 10^9/L, C-reactive protein of 120 mg/L. Urea, electrolytes, and creatinine are within normal limits. Liver function tests are normal. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is performed (image provided). Considering the clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the provided image, which of the following represents the most appropriate initial management strategy?

A. Administration of oral antibiotics and analgesia, followed by discharge home with instructions for follow-up with his general practitioner.
B. Percutaneous drainage of the identified collection under imaging guidance, in addition to intravenous antibiotics.
C. Urgent surgical consultation for consideration of immediate laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy.
D. Preparation for urgent colonoscopy to assess the extent and severity of the inflammatory process.
E. Commencement of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and close clinical observation, deferring any intervention unless clinical deterioration occurs.
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A 62-year-old man with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations and lightheadedness. He reports that the symptoms started suddenly about an hour ago. He denies any chest pain, shortness of breath, or syncope. His medications include metformin and lisinopril. On examination, he is alert and oriented. His blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, heart rate is irregularly irregular at 140 bpm, respiratory rate is 18 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. An ECG is performed, which shows an absence of P waves, irregularly irregular R-R intervals, and narrow QRS complexes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Synchronized cardioversion
B. Vagal maneuvers
C. Administration of intravenous magnesium sulfate
D. Intravenous amiodarone
E. Rate control with intravenous diltiazem
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A 70-year-old man with severe COPD (FEV1 30% predicted), on triple inhaled therapy and supplemental oxygen, presents with a 3-day history of increased dyspnoea, productive cough with purulent sputum, and reduced exercise tolerance. He denies fever or chest pain. On examination, he is tachypnoeic (RR 24), saturating 88% on 2 L/min oxygen, with diffuse wheeze and prolonged expiration. His chest X-ray shows hyperinflation but no new infiltrates. His arterial blood gas on 2 L/min oxygen shows pH 7.32, pCO2 68 mmHg, pO2 55 mmHg, bicarbonate 35 mmol/L. Given this presentation, what is the most appropriate immediate management step?

A. Initiate non-invasive ventilation
B. Prescribe oral antibiotics
C. Administer intravenous corticosteroids
D. Increase supplemental oxygen flow rate
E. Perform a bronchoscopy
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A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents due to sudden onset wheezing and difficulty breathing. He has a history of asthma, for which he uses a salbutamol inhaler as needed. His parents report that he had a cold over the past few days, and today he started wheezing and became short of breath. On examination, he is in moderate respiratory distress, with a respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute, oxygen saturation of 92% on room air, and widespread wheezing on auscultation. What is the most appropriate initial management step for this child?

A. Administer nebulized salbutamol
B. Provide supplemental oxygen
C. Initiate inhaled corticosteroids
D. Start oral corticosteroids
E. Administer intravenous magnesium sulfate
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Diverticulitis in the left lower quadrant. There is outpouching of the colonic wall, wall thickening, and surrounding fat stranding.
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 55-year-old man presents with 2 days of left lower quadrant pain and mild constipation. He denies fever, nausea, or vomiting. On examination, he is afebrile, BP 120/70, HR 65, O2 sat 99% on air. There is mild LLQ tenderness without guarding or rebound. Bloods show WCC 11.5, CRP 30. A CT scan is performed. Considering the clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the image, what is the most appropriate initial management plan?

A. Urgent surgical consultation for potential colectomy
B. Discharge with analgesia and advice to return if symptoms worsen
C. Admission for intravenous antibiotics and observation
D. Colonoscopy within 24 hours to assess severity
E. Outpatient oral antibiotics and analgesia
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A patient with community-acquired pneumonia has a CURB-65 score of 3. What is the most appropriate management setting?

A. Outpatient management with IV antibiotics
B. Outpatient management with oral antibiotics
C. ICU management
D. Inpatient management
E. Observation unit
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Synchronous multiple small bowel intussusceptions in an adult with blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome. CT scan of abdomen showing i) multiple intussusceptions demonstrating doughnut signs (white arrows), intussusceptiens [A], intussusceptum [B], distended loop of small

bowel [C] and ii) haemangioma of right quadratus lumborum muscle (dark arrow).
Image by Lee C, Debnath D, Whitburn T, Farrugia M, Gonzalez F CC BY 2.0 · Source

A 45-year-old male with a known history of Blue Rubber Bleb Naevus Syndrome, characterised by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and multiple cutaneous vascular lesions, presents to the emergency department with acute onset severe, colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. On examination, his abdomen is distended and diffusely tender with reduced bowel sounds. Vital signs are within normal limits. An urgent abdominal CT scan is performed. Considering the patient's history, acute presentation, and the findings on the abdominal CT scan, what is the most appropriate immediate management strategy?

A. Urgent surgical consultation for operative management
B. Attempt non-operative reduction via hydrostatic or pneumatic enema
C. Perform urgent upper and lower endoscopy to identify bleeding lesions
D. Initiate conservative management with intravenous fluids and nasogastric tube insertion
E. Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics and observe closely
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X-ray of hiatal hernia
Image by Ahmed Farhat, Daryn Towle CC BY 4.0 · Source

An 82-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with increasing shortness of breath and intermittent chest discomfort over the past week. She reports some difficulty swallowing larger food boluses recently but denies significant heartburn. Her past medical history includes hypertension and osteoarthritis. On examination, her vital signs are stable: BP 135/85 mmHg, HR 78 bpm, RR 18/min, SpO2 94% on room air, Temp 36.8°C. Auscultation of the chest reveals decreased breath sounds at the left base. A central venous catheter is noted in the right subclavian vein. Initial blood tests show a mild normocytic anaemia (Hb 105 g/L) and normal inflammatory markers. An urgent imaging study is performed. Considering the clinical presentation and the provided imaging study, what is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Administer intravenous diuretics for suspected acute decompensated heart failure.
B. Prepare for immediate surgical reduction and repair.
C. Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics for suspected community-acquired pneumonia.
D. Arrange a contrast swallow study or CT scan of the chest and abdomen.
E. Prescribe a high-dose proton pump inhibitor and review in outpatient clinic.
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Right leg affected by warfarin necrosis
Image by Bakoyiannis C, Karaolanis G, Patelis N, Maskanakis A, Tsaples G, Klonaris C, Georgopoulos S, Liakakos T CC BY 4.0 · Source

A 72-year-old female on warfarin for chronic atrial fibrillation presents with a 2-day history of increasing pain and a developing lesion on her right lower leg. She denies trauma. Her INR is therapeutic at 2.5. Vitals are stable. Considering the clinical presentation and the image provided, what is the most appropriate immediate management?

A. Continue warfarin at a reduced dose and monitor the lesion closely.
B. Switch anticoagulation to a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC).
C. Discontinue warfarin, administer vitamin K, and initiate heparin.
D. Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics and arrange surgical debridement.
E. Apply topical corticosteroids and compression bandaging.
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Diverticular disease
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source

A 68-year-old male presents with a 2-day history of worsening left lower quadrant abdominal pain, fever (38.5°C), and nausea. He has a history of similar, milder pain episodes. Examination reveals left iliac fossa tenderness with guarding. Bloods show WCC 16, CRP 120. A CT scan is performed (image provided). Considering the clinical picture and the imaging findings, which of the following represents the most appropriate initial management strategy?

A. Administer intravenous fluids and analgesia, and observe in the emergency department for 12 hours.
B. Initiate intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and admit for inpatient care.
C. Arrange urgent surgical review for consideration of immediate operative intervention.
D. Prescribe oral antibiotics and arrange follow-up with his general practitioner.
E. Schedule an urgent colonoscopy to evaluate the severity and rule out malignancy.
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Diverticulitis in the left lower quadrant. There is outpouching of the colonic wall, wall thickening, and surrounding fat stranding.
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 68-year-old woman presents with 3 days of left lower quadrant pain. She reports mild nausea but no vomiting or fever. On examination, she is afebrile, BP 130/80, HR 78, O2 sat 98% on air. There is localised tenderness in the LLQ. Bloods show WCC 13.2, CRP 45. A CT scan is performed. Considering the clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the image, what is the most appropriate initial management plan?

A. Discharge with analgesia and advice to return if symptoms worsen, without antibiotics.
B. Outpatient management with oral antibiotics and analgesia.
C. Admission for intravenous antibiotics and observation.
D. Urgent colonoscopy to assess the extent of disease.
E. Surgical consultation for potential colectomy.
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Fluoroscopic image of common bile duct stone seen at the time of ERCP. The stone is impacted in the distal common bile duct.
Image by Samir धर्म at en.wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 72-year-old male with acute cholangitis is undergoing ERCP for stone extraction. The image is obtained after cannulation. Based on the findings, what is the most appropriate immediate next step in the procedure?

A. Insert nasobiliary drain
B. Terminate procedure and give antibiotics
C. Attempt basket extraction
D. Endoscopic sphincterotomy
E. Perform mechanical lithotripsy
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An ultrasound showing target sign which is a characteristic finding for intussusception on ultrasound, this ultrasound is for a 3 year old boy with intestinal intussusception.
Image by Frank Gaillard CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 3-year-old boy presents with sudden onset, intermittent, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and lethargy. On examination, he is pale but haemodynamically stable. An abdominal ultrasound is performed. Based on the clinical presentation and the provided image, what is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Urgent surgical consultation for laparotomy
B. Nasogastric tube insertion and IV fluids only
C. Air enema reduction
D. Observation with serial abdominal examinations
E. CT abdomen and pelvis
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An ultrasound showing target sign which is a characteristic finding for intussusception on ultrasound, this ultrasound is for a 3 year old boy with intestinal intussusception.
Image by Frank Gaillard CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 3-year-old boy presents with a 12-hour history of intermittent, severe abdominal pain, drawing his legs up to his chest. He has vomited several times. His vital signs are stable: HR 110, BP 95/60, RR 24, Temp 37.2°C. On examination, he is irritable but comfortable between episodes of pain. His abdomen is soft but mildly distended. A focused abdominal ultrasound is performed, yielding the image provided. Based on the clinical presentation and the findings shown, which of the following non-surgical interventions is typically attempted first to resolve the underlying issue?

A. Nasogastric tube insertion for decompression and bowel rest
B. Pneumatic reduction under fluoroscopic guidance
C. Administration of intravenous opioids for pain control followed by observation
D. Intravenous fluid resuscitation and broad-spectrum antibiotics
E. Urgent surgical exploration and manual reduction
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Ultrasonographic picture taken from a patient with left ureteral stone with hydronephrosis, created in Taiwan
Image by morning2k CC BY 2.5 · Source

A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency department with sudden onset severe left flank pain radiating to the groin. He reports some nausea but no vomiting. His temperature is 37.5°C, pulse 88 bpm, BP 130/80 mmHg, respiratory rate 16/min, oxygen saturation 98% on room air. On examination, he has significant left costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows microscopic haematuria and trace leukocytes. His creatinine is 90 µmol/L (baseline unknown). An ultrasound of the kidneys is performed, shown in the image. Based on the clinical presentation and the finding shown in the image, what is the most appropriate immediate next step in management?

A. Admit for observation, serial renal function tests, and pain management.
B. Arrange urgent non-contrast CT scan of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
C. Arrange urgent flexible cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography.
D. Administer intravenous fluids, opioid analgesia, and prescribe tamsulosin for medical expulsive therapy.
E. Urgent urology consultation for consideration of upper tract decompression.
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An 80-year-old presents with cough, fever, and new confusion. Vital signs: T 38.5°C, HR 110, BP 100/60, RR 28, SpO2 90% on air. Chest X-ray shows consolidation. What is the most appropriate initial management step?

A. Oral antibiotics and outpatient management
B. Chest CT scan
C. Bronchoscopy
D. Sputum culture and sensitivity testing
E. Intravenous antibiotics and hospital admission
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Ovarian Cyst
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 28-year-old female presents to the ED with acute onset right lower quadrant pain. She reports nausea and vomiting. Her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago, and she denies any vaginal bleeding. She is hemodynamically stable. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is performed, with a relevant image shown. Considering the clinical presentation and the imaging findings, what is the MOST appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Order a pelvic ultrasound
B. Administer intravenous fluids and observe for symptom resolution
C. Outpatient follow-up with repeat imaging in 6 weeks
D. Laparoscopic surgical exploration
E. Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics
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A 3-year-old child presents to the emergency department with a sudden onset of cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing after playing with small toys. The child is in mild respiratory distress, with a respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute and oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. On auscultation, there are decreased breath sounds on the right side with wheezing. The child has no fever, and there is no history of recent illness. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

A. Foreign body aspiration
B. Bacterial pneumonia
C. Viral bronchiolitis
D. Asthma exacerbation
E. Allergic reaction
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An incarcerated inguinal hernia as seen on CT
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 78-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a 6-hour history of sudden onset, severe pain and swelling in his right groin. He reports nausea but no vomiting. On examination, there is a tender, firm, non-reducible lump in the right inguinal region. Bowel sounds are present. Vitals are stable: BP 130/80, HR 75, Temp 36.8°C. A CT scan of the pelvis is performed, shown in the image. Integrating the patient's symptoms, physical examination, and the findings shown in the image, what is the most appropriate immediate next step?

A. Attempt manual reduction under sedation
B. Discharge home with analgesia and follow-up in outpatient clinic
C. Order an urgent abdominal X-ray series
D. Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics and observe
E. Urgent surgical consultation and exploration
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Inguinal hernia right view. Adult male with an inguinal hernia, showing bulging in the groin area.
Image by IkeTheSloth CC0 1.0 · Source

A 58-year-old male presents to the emergency department complaining of right groin pain that started approximately 6 hours ago. He reports noticing a bulge in his groin for several months, which he could usually push back in. However, today he is unable to reduce it, and the pain has become progressively severe. He denies any fever, nausea, or vomiting. His past medical history includes hypertension and hyperlipidemia, both well-controlled with medications. On examination, his vital signs are stable: blood pressure 130/80 mmHg, heart rate 80 bpm, respiratory rate 16 bpm, and temperature 37.0°C. Abdominal examination is benign. Examination of the groin reveals the finding shown in the image. The area is tender to palpation. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Surgical consultation for emergent repair
B. Ultrasound of the groin to rule out testicular torsion
C. Prescription for a truss and referral to a general surgeon for elective repair
D. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast
E. Trial of manual reduction with sedation and analgesia
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An incarcerated inguinal hernia as seen on CT
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 68-year-old male presents to the ED with severe groin pain and a palpable mass. He reports a history of a reducible bulge in the same area, but today it is firm and tender. He denies fever, nausea, or vomiting. Examination reveals stable vital signs. Review the provided image. What is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

A. Pain management and discharge with surgical follow-up
B. Referral for elective surgical repair
C. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and observation
D. Trial of manual reduction with sedation
E. Surgical consultation for emergent repair
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A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to his back. He describes the pain as tearing in nature. His blood pressure is 180/100 mmHg in the right arm and 160/90 mmHg in the left arm. On examination, there is a new diastolic murmur heard best at the right sternal border. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Administer sublingual nitroglycerin
B. Perform an ECG
C. Order a CT angiography of the chest
D. Administer aspirin
E. Start intravenous heparin
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A 43-year-old is unconscious with low blood glucose (1.8 mmol/L), has a history of insulin use and alcohol intake. What is the next step?

A. 16G IV + 10% glucose, 150-200 ml over 15 minutes.
B. Give oral glucose.
C. Give 1 mg of glucagon intramuscularly.
D. Give IV 50% glucose.
E. Give subcutaneous insulin.
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A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and ischemic heart disease presents to the emergency department with worsening shortness of breath, orthopnea, and peripheral edema. On examination, he has elevated jugular venous pressure, bilateral basal crackles, and pitting edema in the lower limbs. An echocardiogram shows an ejection fraction of 35%. What is the most appropriate initial management step for this patient?

A. Initiate digoxin therapy
B. Perform coronary angiography
C. Start oral beta-blockers
D. Administer intravenous furosemide
E. Prescribe oral ACE inhibitors
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Fluoroscopic image of common bile duct stone seen at the time of ERCP. The stone is impacted in the distal common bile duct.
Image by Samir धर्म at en.wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 68-year-old presents with a 3-day history of fever, jaundice, and severe RUQ pain radiating to the back. Vitals: T 38.5°C, BP 110/70, HR 95. LFTs show bilirubin 150, ALP 450, ALT 120. An ERCP is performed for stone extraction. The image is captured during the procedure after cannulation. Considering the findings demonstrated in the image, what is the most appropriate immediate next step in management during the current procedure?

A. Attempt balloon dilation of the distal duct without sphincterotomy
B. Place a biliary stent and schedule follow-up ERCP
C. Perform endoscopic sphincterotomy
D. Attempt stone fragmentation with lithotripsy before sphincterotomy
E. Abandon the procedure and refer for surgical exploration
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A 10-year-old boy with a history of asthma presents to the emergency department with wheezing and shortness of breath. His mother reports that he has been using his salbutamol inhaler more frequently over the past two days. On examination, he has a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute, and his oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. What is the most appropriate initial management step?

A. Administer nebulized salbutamol
B. Administer intravenous magnesium sulfate
C. Provide supplemental oxygen
D. Increase the dose of inhaled corticosteroids
E. Start oral corticosteroids
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Pyloric stenosis as seen on ultrasound in a 6 week old
Image by Dr Laughlin Dawes CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source

A 6-week-old male infant presents to the emergency department with a 2-week history of progressively worsening non-bilious vomiting, which has become projectile over the past few days. His parents report he is feeding eagerly but vomits most feeds shortly after completion. He has had fewer wet nappies than usual and appears more lethargic. On examination, he is irritable but consolable. His weight is below the 3rd percentile, having dropped from the 10th percentile at birth. Vital signs are: Temperature 36.8°C, Heart Rate 155 bpm, Respiratory Rate 40 bpm, Blood Pressure 85/50 mmHg, Oxygen Saturation 98% on room air. Capillary refill time is 3 seconds. Abdominal examination reveals a soft, non-distended abdomen with active bowel sounds; no palpable masses are appreciated. Initial blood gas shows pH 7.52, pCO2 40 mmHg, Bicarbonate 32 mmol/L, Na+ 132 mmol/L, K+ 3.0 mmol/L, Cl- 88 mmol/L. A point-of-care ultrasound was performed, and the image provided was obtained. Considering the clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the image, what is the most appropriate immediate next step in the management of this infant?

A. Administer intravenous ondansetron and observe for improvement in vomiting.
B. Discharge home with instructions for smaller, more frequent feeds and review by the general practitioner in 24 hours.
C. Insert a nasogastric tube for continuous drainage and commence total parenteral nutrition.
D. Obtain an urgent upper gastrointestinal contrast study to confirm the diagnosis and assess for malrotation.
E. Initiate intravenous fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride and potassium chloride supplementation, and arrange urgent surgical consultation.
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Upright X-ray demonstrating small bowel obstruction
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 75-year-old female presents to the emergency department with a 24-hour history of worsening colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and multiple episodes of bilious vomiting. She reports no passage of flatus or stool for the past 18 hours. Her past medical history includes an open appendectomy 30 years ago and a hysterectomy 10 years ago. On examination, she is afebrile, heart rate 92 bpm, blood pressure 130/80 mmHg, respiratory rate 18/min, oxygen saturation 98% on room air. Her abdomen is distended and diffusely tender to palpation, with high-pitched tinkling bowel sounds on auscultation. A plain abdominal X-ray series, including the image provided, was obtained. Considering the patient's clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the provided image, which of the following represents the most appropriate immediate next step in her management?

A. Administer a large volume enema
B. Administer broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics
C. Order a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast
D. Proceed directly to exploratory laparotomy
E. Insert a nasogastric tube for decompression
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A 70-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation presents with sudden onset of severe pain, pallor, and coldness in his left leg. On examination, the leg is cool below the knee, distal pulses are absent, and sensation is diminished. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic investigation?

A. Venous duplex ultrasound of the limb
B. Serum lactate level
C. CT angiography of the limb
D. Arterial duplex ultrasound of the limb
E. ECG
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An ultrasound showing target sign which is a characteristic finding for intussusception on ultrasound, this ultrasound is for a 3 year old boy with intestinal intussusception.
Image by Frank Gaillard CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 3-year-old boy presents with sudden onset intermittent severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and lethargy. On examination, he is pale but haemodynamically stable. Abdominal examination reveals a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant. An ultrasound is performed (image provided). What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics
B. Admission for observation and IV fluids
C. Abdominal CT scan with contrast
D. Immediate surgical exploration
E. Air or hydrostatic enema reduction
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Diverticulitis in the left lower quadrant. There is outpouching of the colonic wall, wall thickening, and surrounding fat stranding.
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 55-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of left lower quadrant abdominal pain, associated with a low-grade fever (38.1°C) and mild nausea. He denies vomiting, diarrhoea, or rectal bleeding. On examination, he has localised tenderness in the left iliac fossa. His vital signs are stable: BP 130/80 mmHg, HR 78 bpm, RR 16/min, SpO2 98% on air. Blood tests show a white cell count of 12.5 x 10^9/L and CRP 45 mg/L. An abdominal CT scan is performed (image provided). Based on the clinical presentation and the provided image, what is the most appropriate initial management plan?

A. Intravenous antibiotics and hospital admission for observation.
B. Urgent surgical consultation for Hartmann's procedure.
C. Immediate colonoscopy to evaluate the colonic mucosa.
D. Discharge with advice on dietary modification and follow-up in 6 weeks.
E. Outpatient oral antibiotics and analgesia.
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Diverticular disease
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source

A 62-year-old male presents with acute onset of LLQ pain, fever, and vomiting. His WBC count is elevated. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is performed. Based on the image, what is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Flexible sigmoidoscopy
B. IV antibiotics and bowel rest
C. Stool softeners
D. Surgical resection
E. High-fiber diet
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Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Image by Adityagupta95 CC0 1.0 · Source

A 5-week-old male infant presents with a 10-day history of non-bilious, forceful vomiting after every feed. His parents report decreased wet nappies and lethargy. On examination, he is pale, weighs 3.2 kg (birth weight 3.5 kg), has sunken eyes, and poor skin turgor. Vital signs: HR 170, RR 45, Temp 37.0, BP 80/50. Initial bloods show Na 132, K 3.1, Cl 88, HCO3 30. An imaging study is performed, shown in the image. Considering the clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the imaging study, what is the most appropriate immediate management priority for this infant?

A. Administer intravenous ondansetron to control vomiting.
B. Arrange urgent surgical consultation for definitive operative management.
C. Initiate intravenous fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride and potassium supplementation.
D. Obtain a repeat imaging study using abdominal ultrasound.
E. Insert a nasogastric tube for gastric decompression and feeding.
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CT scan showing hemothorax caused by warfarin use
Image by Cevik Y CC BY 3.0 · Source

A 78-year-old male on warfarin for atrial fibrillation presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of severe dyspnoea and right-sided pleuritic chest pain. He denies trauma. On examination, he is tachypnoeic, oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. Blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, heart rate 95 bpm. Chest examination reveals decreased breath sounds on the right. A CT scan of the chest is performed. Considering the patient's clinical presentation, medical history, and the findings demonstrated in the provided image, which of the following represents the most appropriate immediate management strategy?

A. Arrange for urgent bronchoscopy to investigate airway obstruction.
B. Increase warfarin dose and monitor INR.
C. Observe closely in the emergency department with serial chest X-rays.
D. Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics and arrange for thoracentesis.
E. Administer Vitamin K and Prothrombinex (PCC) and arrange for chest tube insertion.
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A 70-year-old man with severe COPD (FEV1 35%) presents with increased cough, purulent sputum, and dyspnoea over 48 hours. He uses salbutamol PRN and tiotropium daily. His oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. Chest X-ray shows hyperinflation but no new consolidation. What is the most appropriate initial management step?

A. Administer controlled oxygen therapy targeting SpO2 88-92%.
B. Perform arterial blood gas analysis.
C. Initiate intravenous antibiotics.
D. Prescribe high-dose inhaled corticosteroids.
E. Administer nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide.
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An 82-year-old man with a history of stroke presents with new onset confusion, a mild cough, and a temperature of 37.8°C. A chest X-ray reveals a right lower lobe infiltrate. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management step?

A. Initiate empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics
B. Order urgent sputum culture
C. Administer IV fluids and monitor
D. Discharge home with oral paracetamol
E. Arrange urgent physiotherapy review
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A patient presents with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Which initial investigation is most crucial for guiding immediate management?

A. Blood cultures
B. Sputum culture
C. Full blood count
D. Chest X-ray
E. Arterial blood gas
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A 62-year-old woman with a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department with confusion, polyuria, and polydipsia over the past three days. She has been non-compliant with her medications and diet. On examination, she is lethargic and dehydrated, with a blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg, heart rate of 110 bpm, and respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute. Laboratory tests reveal a blood glucose level of 38 mmol/L, serum sodium of 150 mmol/L, serum potassium of 4.0 mmol/L, serum bicarbonate of 22 mmol/L, and a serum osmolality of 340 mOsm/kg. Urinalysis shows no ketones. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management step?

A. Intravenous potassium supplementation
B. Intravenous normal saline
C. Oral hypoglycemic agents
D. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate
E. Intravenous insulin infusion
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A 60-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of severe abdominal pain radiating to her back. She has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. On examination, she is hypotensive and tachycardic. Her abdomen is distended and tender, with guarding and rebound tenderness. An abdominal ultrasound reveals a large abdominal aortic aneurysm. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Administer intravenous beta-blockers
B. Initiate intravenous antibiotics
C. Immediate surgical repair
D. Perform a CT angiography
E. Start anticoagulation therapy
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Ultrasonographic picture taken from a patient with left ureteral stone with hydronephrosis, created in Taiwan
Image by morning2k CC BY 2.5 · Source

A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden onset, severe left flank pain radiating to his groin, associated with nausea. He is afebrile, blood pressure 130/80 mmHg, heart rate 85 bpm. Urinalysis shows 20-30 red blood cells per high-power field. Serum creatinine is within normal limits. An ultrasound is performed. Considering the clinical context and the findings demonstrated in the provided image, which of the following is the most appropriate immediate management step?

A. Initiate empirical broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics.
B. Prescribe oral tamsulosin and diclofenac and discharge home.
C. Urgent urology consultation for potential decompression.
D. Administer intravenous fluids and opioid analgesia and observe for spontaneous stone passage.
E. Arrange a non-contrast CT KUB as the definitive imaging modality.
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Post-embolization arteriogram showing coiled aneurysm (indicated by yellow arrows) of the posteriorcerebral artery with a residual aneurysmal sac.
Image by Promod Pillai, Aftab Karim, Anil Nanda CC BY 2.0 · Source

A 68-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presents to the emergency department with a sudden onset of left-sided hemianopia and mild right-sided weakness. Her symptoms began approximately 4 hours prior to arrival. Initial neurological examination reveals a left homonymous hemianopia, mild right hemiparesis (4/5 strength), and intact sensation. A CT angiogram was performed, and the patient underwent endovascular coiling. The image shows a follow-up angiogram post-procedure. Despite the intervention, the patient's left homonymous hemianopia persists, and her right hemiparesis has not improved. What is the MOST appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Repeat angiography to assess for recanalization or further aneurysm growth
B. Start rehabilitation therapy and monitor for improvement
C. Order an MRI of the brain to evaluate for ischemic changes
D. Prescribe a course of high-dose corticosteroids to reduce peri-aneurysmal edema
E. Initiate dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel
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Synchronous multiple small bowel intussusceptions in an adult with blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome. CT scan of abdomen showing i) multiple intussusceptions demonstrating doughnut signs (white arrows), intussusceptiens [A], intussusceptum [B], distended loop of small

bowel [C] and ii) haemangioma of right quadratus lumborum muscle (dark arrow).
Image by Lee C, Debnath D, Whitburn T, Farrugia M, Gonzalez F CC BY 2.0 · Source

A 45-year-old male with a known history of Blue Rubber Bleb Naevus Syndrome, characterised by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and multiple cutaneous vascular lesions, presents to the emergency department with acute onset severe, colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. On examination, his abdomen is distended and diffusely tender with reduced bowel sounds. Vital signs are within normal limits. An urgent abdominal CT scan is performed. Based on the clinical presentation and the findings demonstrated in the image, what is the most appropriate immediate next step in management?

A. Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics for suspected peritonitis
B. Endoscopic evaluation of the small bowel
C. Barium enema for hydrostatic reduction
D. Laparotomy for reduction and resection of affected segments
E. Conservative management with nasogastric tube decompression and observation
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A 68-year-old man with a history of diverticulosis presents with recurrent, large volume rectal bleeding. Initial colonoscopy failed to identify or control the source. He remains haemodynamically stable after resuscitation. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Repeat colonoscopy with epinephrine injection
B. Administration of intravenous octreotide
C. Initiation of high-dose proton pump inhibitor therapy
D. Urgent surgical colectomy
E. Angiography with embolization
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A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to his back. He describes the pain as tearing in nature. His blood pressure is 180/100 mmHg in the right arm and 160/90 mmHg in the left arm. He has a history of hypertension and is a smoker. An ECG shows no acute ischemic changes. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A. Start intravenous heparin
B. Administer sublingual nitroglycerin
C. Administer aspirin and clopidogrel
D. Order a CT angiography of the chest
E. Perform an urgent coronary angiogram
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An ultrasound showing target sign which is a characteristic finding for intussusception on ultrasound, this ultrasound is for a 3 year old boy with intestinal intussusception.
Image by Frank Gaillard CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 3-year-old boy presents with a 12-hour history of intermittent, severe abdominal pain, drawing his legs up to his chest. He has vomited several times. His vital signs are stable: HR 110, BP 95/60, RR 24, Temp 37.2°C. On examination, he is irritable but comfortable between episodes of pain. His abdomen is soft but mildly distended. A focused abdominal ultrasound is performed, yielding the image provided. Based on the clinical presentation and the findings shown, what is the most appropriate initial therapeutic intervention?

A. Intravenous fluid resuscitation and pain control
B. Administer a nasogastric tube for decompression and observe
C. Air or hydrostatic enema under fluoroscopic guidance
D. Obtain a CT scan of the abdomen
E. Urgent surgical exploration
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A 70-year-old man with a history of hypertension and heart failure is being managed with an ACE inhibitor. He presents to the emergency department complaining of dizziness, especially when standing up. His blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, and his other vital signs are stable. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in managing this patient?

A. Order an ECG to rule out cardiac arrhythmia
B. Prescribe compression stockings
C. Review and potentially reduce the dose of the ACE inhibitor
D. Administer an intravenous bolus of normal saline
E. Start fludrocortisone
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Right leg affected by warfarin necrosis
Image by Bakoyiannis C, Karaolanis G, Patelis N, Maskanakis A, Tsaples G, Klonaris C, Georgopoulos S, Liakakos T CC BY 4.0 · Source

An 82-year-old woman with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and a recent hospitalisation for pneumonia was discharged 5 days ago on warfarin 5mg daily. She presents to the emergency department complaining of increasing pain and a rapidly evolving lesion on her right lower leg over the past 48 hours. She denies trauma. Her vital signs are stable: BP 130/80 mmHg, HR 78 bpm, RR 16/min, Temp 36.8°C. Physical examination reveals the appearance shown in the image on her right anterior lower leg. Her INR today is 4.5. She has no known history of protein C or S deficiency. Considering the patient's history, current medication, laboratory result, and the clinical appearance depicted, which of the following represents the most appropriate immediate management strategy?

A. Administer subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin and continue warfarin.
B. Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics and arrange for surgical debridement.
C. Reduce the dose of warfarin and monitor the lesion closely.
D. Administer fresh frozen plasma to correct the INR and continue warfarin at a lower dose.
E. Stop warfarin, administer intravenous Vitamin K, and initiate therapeutic dose unfractionated heparin.
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Diverticular disease
Image by James Heilman, MD CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source

A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of worsening left lower quadrant abdominal pain, associated with fever and chills. He reports a change in bowel habit with increased constipation. On examination, he is febrile at 38.6°C and has significant tenderness and guarding in the left iliac fossa. His white cell count is 18 x 10^9/L. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is performed (image provided). Considering the patient's presentation and the findings on the provided image, which of the following represents the most appropriate initial management step in addition to intravenous antibiotics?

A. Percutaneous drainage of the identified collection.
B. Urgent laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy.
C. Close observation with serial abdominal examinations.
D. Commencement of oral metronidazole and discharge home.
E. Flexible sigmoidoscopy to assess mucosal inflammation.
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An ultrasound showing target sign which is a characteristic finding for intussusception on ultrasound, this ultrasound is for a 3 year old boy with intestinal intussusception.
Image by Frank Gaillard CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source

A 3-year-old boy presents with sudden onset, intermittent, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and lethargy. Examination reveals a pale child with a soft abdomen. Vitals are stable. An abdominal ultrasound is performed (image provided). What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Admission for observation and serial abdominal exams
B. Intravenous antibiotics and fluid resuscitation
C. CT abdomen/pelvis with contrast
D. Pneumatic reduction under fluoroscopy
E. Urgent surgical exploration
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An 80-year-old with COPD presents with fever, cough, and increased sputum. CXR shows consolidation. BP 85/50, HR 110, RR 28, SpO2 88% on air. Confused. What is the most appropriate initial management step?

A. Initiate high-flow oxygen therapy
B. Administer intravenous fluids and broad-spectrum antibiotics
C. Prescribe oral amoxicillin
D. Obtain blood cultures and sputum for microscopy/culture
E. Assess for immediate intubation and ventilation
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